It seems to me that the contemporary view of the right to privacy is an extension of the 4th amendment.
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
That could go a long way towards planting the idea that people have a certain degree of autonomy and privacy.
Phone conversations, email, IMs and so on are nothing more than our electronic "papers".
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I have gained this from philosophy: that I do without being commanded what others do only from fear of the law. - Aristotle
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