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Don't forget, I was a forensic psychophysiologist for several years. My internship was with the Mississippi Bureau of Investigations. I also ran a few exams in Karbala during OIF III.
With an analog instrument, it is possible to "sway" an examiner who has become complacent because he relies on on manual scoring. His errors are usually founded when the charts are reviewed for quality control. I have a digital instrument. We run 3 scoring algorithms plus a manual score. All must be in agreement as to the scoring. At the very best, a person using extremely advance countermeasures will score an inconclusive and trigger a re-exam. The latest polygraph technology uses infrared sensors for detection of heat changes in the face. Also, the penile response gauge is finally gaining acceptance in the US despite it's use for over two decades by other countries. I don't see how anyone could teach countermeasures to these.
Polygraphs are primarily used for single scope and dual scope investigations of security clearances and sexual offender post release examination, at least in my area. Many of the larger law enforcement agencies use polygraph exams as a pre-employment screening tool.
In God we trust, all other we polygraph.
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Give a man a match, & he'll be warm for 20 seconds. But toss that man a white phosphorus grenade and he'll be warm for the rest of his life.
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