[Griff]

I went to get a link to the trophic cascade effect of reintroducing apex predators for the wolf thread. I shouldn't have been surprised that the simple beautiful explanation I had embraced was vastly oversimplified.

Some of the recent studies suggest that trophic cascades in land-based ecosystems are more “center-out” than top-down, composed of many, many radial lines of cause and effect, continuing to change over time. This shifts our understanding of apex predators as “keystone species” whose presence makes or breaks a healthy ecosystem.