Mythbusters did a thing on the eyepatch question. They showed that you didn't just save yourself the minute or two of light-to-dark adjustment, but that after about 20 minutes in the pitch black, your eyes go into a secondary level of night vision that is far more acute than what you get right away, and keeping the eyepatch on also preserved that "extra" level of vision in the covered eye. Still not supported one way or the other by historical records, of course, but as they said, it works so well that they'd have been fools not to use it that way, with all these eye patches floating around for experimentation.
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