Same here, Ali, pasture until milking time in the summer. But in the winter when the grass doesn't grow, either in a barn/shed or a pen, being fed hay and stuff. DeLaval, introducing these to Britain, said they've sold 30,000 in Sweden, where I imagine dairy cattle are penned up more of the year.
In the Cornell University study, the four groups were "penned" to keep them separated for something like seven months, but that could have been separate pasture. Although, it was central New York state, so maybe not.
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The descent of man ~ Nixon, Friedman, Reagan, Trump.
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