Could our big brains come from Neanderthals?
 

WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- Neanderthals may have given the modern humans who replaced them a priceless gift -- a gene that helped them develop superior brains, U.S. researchers reported Tuesday.

And the only way they could have provided that gift would have been by interbreeding, the team at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the University of Chicago said.

Their study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, provides indirect evidence that modern Homo sapiens and so-called Neanderthals interbred at some point when they lived side by side in Europe.

"Finding evidence of mixing is not all that surprising. But our study demonstrates the possibility that interbreeding contributed advantageous variants into the human gene pool that subsequently spread," said Bruce Lahn, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute researcher at the University of Chicago who led the study.

Scientists have been debating whether Neanderthals, who died out about 35,000 years ago, ever bred with modern Homo sapiens. Neanderthals are considered more primitive, with robust bones but a smaller intellect than modern humans.

Lahn's team found a brain gene that appears to have entered the human lineage about 1.1 million years ago, and that has a modern form, or allele, that appeared about 37,000 years ago -- right before Neanderthals became extinct.

"The gene microcephalin (MCPH1) regulates brain size during development and has experienced positive selection in the lineage leading to Homo sapiens," the researchers wrote.

Positive selection means the gene conferred some sort of advantage, so that people who had it were more likely to have descendants than people who did not. Lahn's team estimated that 70 percent of all living humans have this type D variant of the gene.

"By no means do these findings constitute definitive proof that a Neanderthal was the source of the original copy of the D allele. However, our evidence shows that it is one of the best candidates," Lahn said.

The researchers reached their conclusions by doing a statistical analysis of the DNA sequence of microcephalin, which is known to play a role in regulating brain size in humans. Mutations in the human gene cause development of a much smaller brain, a condition called microcephaly.

By tracking smaller, more regular mutations, the researchers could look at DNA's "genetic clock" and date the original genetic variant to 37,000 years ago.

They noted that this D allele is very common in Europe, where Neanderthals lived, and more rare in Africa, where they did not. Lahn said it is not yet clear what advantage the D allele gives the human brain.

"The D alleles may not even change brain size; they may only make the brain a bit more efficient if it indeed affects brain function," Lahn said.

Now his team is looking for evidence of Neanderthal origin for other human genes.

Copyright 2006 Reuters. All rights reserved.This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.

Very interesting - I really like the CYA part towards the end -
"The D alleles may not even change brain size; they may only make the brain a bit more efficient if it indeed affects brain function," Lahn said.

I favor the Tolkien school of human ancestry: some us are a little Dwarvish, or a little Elvish. I think we interbred ourselves into what we are now.

I really need to give this more thought.

http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/TECH/sci...hal.afp.gi.jpg

"I think, therefore I am"

Dude's been to the gym.

Isn't that Uncle Rico?

That plus
"By no means do these findings constitute definitive proof that a Neanderthal was the source of the original copy of the D allele..."

I've known a few people who I would say definitely descended from Neanderthal stock!

I have always felt that they were absorbed into sapiens. It is really the only thing that makes sense... most scientist just try to avoid making declarative statements because of the whole "caveman" stigma that still exists.
The fact is that their brains were larger than ours and the areas for higher functions were proportional (that they were not is an urban myth).

Well, I was being a smart arse actually rkz, but I see your point.

:p

:borg: :doit:

I do not place any credibility in this article, since two of the science/archaeology magazines I subscribe to have debunked this theory in recent issues. They said that the expert doing these studies concluded that there was little or no interbreeding (and sexual contact which did occur was probably thought of as equal to abusing your sheep or cow) and that Neandertal genes do NOT exist in our background. The same expert also concluded that the genetic markers for the development of language were MISSING from the Neandertal DNA which he has studied, and that is the best proof that we do not have their DNA carried forward in our ancestors. For all practical purposes, they were a separate although advanced species, and they died out rather than being absorbed.

The fact that somebody's uncle Herman looks like one of them is just a coincidence :rolleyes:

I have read a recent study showing that they did have the ability for speech.

Clan of the Cave Bear. :D

Speech is a long way from full fledged language. Do you have a link to the study's findings?

Full fledged language, or for that matter speech, isn't necessary to communicate. We're talking cave men here.
I don't think a bottle of wine and witty banter was the key to procreating. We can't assume they didn't pass genes just because they couldn't tell you to squeal like a pig. :D

Somebody's been watching too many GEICO commercials.

OK, glad I hadn't yet recycled this magazine: Archaeology Magazine, November/December 2006, "The Neanderthal Code". That is one of the articles I read recently. Unfortunately I would have to scan or type the long article explaining how they have extracted and analyzed the Neanderthal DNA, but here is a bit of it which explains what I said. The scientist is Dr. Svante Paabo of the Max Planck Institute (Switzerland, I think).

:lol:

Bruce you crack me up.


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I don't think so much where we came. I think about where we are going and the future evolution of man.


http://www.hermes-press.com/bushinsn.jpg

Well, my ex always alleged she had...

Egad! By "recycle" you surely mean: donate to a Doctor's office or something? (Personally I stockpile mine, for future reference...)

Geico has Neanderthal man going to his airplane for vacation. Suddenly he sees the ad - 'even a cave man could do it'. Look closely. While Neanderthal man is gapping at that ad, Cro-mangun man walks past behind him.

This report has just been released...

I'm sorry, I dont really want to, but let's just be friends, okay?

Just think--hundreds of thousands of years from now, the dolphin scientists will be studying our bones and marvel: "Look, even though humans and chimpanzees shared 98% of their DNA, for some reason there doesn't seem to have been a lot of cross-breeding!"

I do not delude myself that the scientific and archaeology magazines I subscribe to would interest people in a doctor's waiting room or some clinic. They are tortured enough by all the parenting and sports magazines and Newsweeks which are two years old. I tear out the articles which apply to my field of interest/expertise, i.e., anything about Latin America and the Mediterranean/Middle East, World History, religions - well, now that I think about it, just about everything about the previous inhabitants of this world interests me - and put these clippings into expandable folders in date order. Then Waste Management gets the rest. My "stockpile" habits had already filled up my house and garage, I had to finally draw some lines :blush:

.